Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder walls. It is characterized by rapid urination (every 15-20 minutes), a sharply painful urine in small portions, sometimes with a mixture of blood, subfebrile body temperature. The transition from the disease to a chronic form, the rise of the infection and development of the inflammatory process in the kidneys, and in decrease, in the urethra are possible. In the diagnosis of cystitis, urine analysis and bladder ultrasound results help the urologist. To determine the etiology of cystitis, bacterial sowing of urine and smear of the urethra is carried out. Cystitis therapy mainly implies an effective drug effect on the infectious agents that caused it.
General Information
Cystitis is inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder. In most cases, cystitis has an infectious nature. The disease is generalized, affects representatives of weak and stronger sex, but is more common in women due to some anatomical characteristics of the female body structure.
Women's urethra (urethra) wider and shorter than man, so it is easier for pathogens to penetrate the bladder. This determines the most frequent of cystitis in women. Most of the time, women of fertile age are sick of cystitis. There are frequent cases in which cystitis develops in a woman repeatedly, significantly worsening the quality of her life.
As a general rule, cystitis is caused by representatives of an intestinal stick, streptococci, staphylococci, staphylococci, etc. It occurs due to infection with pathogens of sexually transmitted diseases-music and ureplasma.
Symptoms of cystitis
The most characteristic symptom of cystitis is painful urine, accompanied by residual ardor and rubbing sensations. In addition, patients with cystitis are altered by pain in the lower abdomen and an incomplete emptying sensation of the bladder. Sometimes with cystitis, urinary incontinence develops, which appears with a strong desire to urinate.
Urine with cystitis can become muddy or acquire a reddish dye due to red blood cell impurities. The temperature sometimes increases to 37. 5 degrees. The increase in temperature with cystitis may indicate the possible kidney disease, so in such cases it is urgent to request qualified medical care.
The prevalence of cystitis
Acute cystitis is one of the most common urological diseases. Most of the time, cystitis is found without complications, in which microbes affect only the mucous membrane, without affecting the submucose layer. According to studies in the field of urology, acute cystitis every year falls from 26 to 36 million people. At the same time, the incidence rates among women are 500-700 episodes per 1000, while among men aged 21 to 50, a similar indicator is only 6-8 cases per 1000.
Girls suffer from cystitis three times more often than boys. The disease is extremely rare in newborns and children under 1 year or more common among children from 1 to 3 and 13-15 years. Very often, cystitis occurs in children aged 4 to 12.
Chronic cystitis also belongs to the number of generalized urological diseases. According to the investigation, chronic cystitis suffers from 11 to 21% of the population. A significant dispersion of data is due to a different approach to determine chronic cystitis. Some studies of studies believe that the diagnosis of chronic cystitis should be done if the frequency of exacerbations is 2 times a year or more, other exacerbations do not specify.
Cystitis in summer
It is unlikely that there is a woman who wants the pleasure of the warm summer days to be eclipsed by a disease as unpleasant as cystitis. Meanwhile, in the summer, especially if a woman leaves far from home and falls into an unusual environment, there are many reasons for cystitis.
The most common causes of cystitis at the warm station:
- Accommodation in a new place during vacations, causing problems subject to hygiene rules;
- Body hypothermia, which occurs due to prolonged bathtub in cold water;
- Violation of the usual urination regime associated with a flight, moving or in a new place (under such conditions, a woman often has to endure for a long time, waiting for a convenient occasion);
- An abrupt change in the climate, which negatively affects immunity.
An additional risk factor for the development of cystitis is sometimes an increase in sexual activity in the context of unfavorable conditions for the female body.
However, if their vacations eclipsed the appearance of a disease as unpleasant as cystitis, it must urgently contact a urologist. To clarify the diagnosis, it will be necessary to undergo an ultrasound ultrasound and take urine analysis. Modern antibacterial medications effectively affect cystitis, can accelerate recovery and prevent the transition from acute to chronic cystitis.
Unlike drugs from previous generations that affect the entire body, modern antibiotics used to treat cystitis selectively act on the inflamed bladder tissues, practically without affecting other organs and systems. The concentration of drugs reaches the maximum values only in the urine and the inflamed mucous membrane of the bladder. This can minimize the toxicological load in the body in the treatment of cystitis and increase the effectiveness of medicines.
Phototoxicity is an unpleasant side effect caused by many medications for the treatment of cystitis. It is manifested in greater sensitivity to sunlight, the appearance of redness and burns even when exposed to ultraviolet rays of small intensity. It is developed due to the presence of substances in drugs with the properties of photosensitizers and photoreactive. Such substances lead to the appearance of a large number of free radicals in the skin, which, in turn, causes the destruction of skin cells, inflammation and burns.
Cystitis during pregnancy
Cystitis can develop in any gestation. The probability of cystitis development increases due to the displacement of internal organs, which are pressed by a growing uterus, changes in hormonal and hemodynamics. The impact of these factors causes an incomplete emptying of the bladder, and the remains of urine in the bladder serve as a favorable environment for the development of bacteria.
In the first signs of cystitis, a pregnant woman must undergo an extraordinary consultation of a gynecologist who carries out pregnancy and tell her about the symptoms that have appeared. If necessary, the doctor will give the patient a direction to the urologist.
Childhood cystitis
Cystitis can develop in a child of any age, however, for girls from old school and school age, the risk of disease increases 5-6 times. The main causes of frequent development of cystitis in children in this group are a series of factors. The ovaries of the girls have not yet begun to produce estrogen, the barrier properties of the mucous membranes are low, and the wide and short urethra allows the pathogenic microorganisms to enter the bladder cavity.
The probability of cystitis development increases in the case of other diseases due to a decrease in immunity and the formation of favorable conditions for the reproduction of pathogenic microbes in the urethra. The main way to prevent cystitis in girls is to carefully comply with hygiene rules.
The causes of cystitis
In 70-95% of patients suffering from acute cystitis, the cause of the disease becomes a wand of Eatherball, in 5-20% of patients, is Staphylococcus and, in the rest, Proe or Klebsell acts as a pathogen. Typically, cystitis is caused by representatives of conditionally. With the development of cystitis due to instrumental or surgical interventions, gram -negative bacteria often become the cause of the disease. Studies confirm that cystitis pathogens can be not only bacteria, but also viruses, mycoplasmas, trichomonas, clamidia and several fungi.
The wide prevalence of cystitis in women is due to the low and wide gap of the urethra, as well as its location in relation to other organs. The urethra of women, unlike man, is close to the anus. The anatomical characteristics and the topography of the female body contribute to the penetration of pathogens in the urethra, their migration to the bladder and the development of cystitis.
In men, cystitis rarely develops. The reason for the appearance of cystitis in men generally becomes inflammation of the urethra, the prostate gland, the appendages of the testicles and the bubbles of seeds. Sometimes, urethra infection occurs due to bladder catheterization in women and men.
The risk of cystitis increases during bladder catheterization in men suffering from prostate adenoma, one of the symptoms of which it is a constant delay in urine. The danger of cystitis development also increases with the introduction of the catheter of a pregnant woman or recently gave birth to a woman, which is due to a decrease in the tone of the urinary tract.
Treatment of cystitis
The rapid cure of the cystitis and the complete restoration of the bladder membrane of the bladder is possible with the timely beginning of the treatment and use of sufficient medications. It should be emphasized that the possibilities of getting rid of cystitis increase with the timely diagnosis and the use of medicines that detectively in the pathogens of the infection. Later, the beginning of the treatment and prescription of medicines that only eliminate the symptoms of cystitis, without affecting the pathogenic environment, can lead to the transition from acute to chronicle.
The main task faced by the doctor who deals with cystitis is the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms that penetrated the bladder and caused inflammation of the mucosa. The choice of medications for antibacterial cystitis therapy is determined by parameters such as the duration of the disease and the severity of symptoms. In addition, by selecting medications, possible side effects, the absorption of the medication, the method and the rate of its excretion, the presence of concomitant diseases, etc.
The effectiveness of the drug in the treatment of cystitis is determined by the ability of this medication to affect certain microorganisms. It should be remembered that pathogenic bacteria adapt and become insensitive to antibiotics. Over time, the main causative agent of cystitis (E. coli) has become resistant to these medications. In addition, medications for the treatment of cystitis, related to the previous generation of antibiotics, had a fairly high level of toxicity and caused several side effects.
When choosing a medication for the treatment of cystitis, the cost of treatment must also be taken into account, which is determined not only by the cost of a tablet, but also by the real effectiveness of the antibiotic, the duration of the intake and the possible risk to the patient's health. Today, there are medications available for the treatment of cystitis, selectively affecting the pathogens of the disease. Once in the body, the medicine concentrates on the bladder, which allows it to increase its effectiveness. In addition, the use of state -of -the -art antibiotics guarantees a reduction in cystitis treatment, reduces the probability of side effects and reduces the risk to the patient's body.
In the treatment of cystitis, fatty and spicy foods should be excluded from the diet, increase fluid intake and avoid hypothermia. A hot heating pad placed at the bottom of the abdomen helps with cystitis. A complex treatment of cystitis in the use of ionoporsis, UHF or inductothermia is possible. We must not forget that in the presence of certain gynecological diseases, physiotization and thermal procedures are contraindicated.
Useful tips on cystitis prevention:
- Try to avoid hypothermia.
- Despite the circumstances, follow personal hygiene rules.
- For hygienic procedures, use neutral audience detergents.
- During menstruation, change the hygienic joints in a timely manner.
- Empty the bladder in time.
- Increase fluid intake.
- Excessively tight clothing can make blood circulation worse in the pelvic area, so it is better to reject such clothes.
- Try to normalize the work of the intestines. With a trend to constipation, the proportion of fresh fruits and vegetables must be increased in the diet.